Reserved IP Address°C
04-25-2025
BSV
$32.04
Vol 32.05m
5.99%
BTC
$93417
Vol 32270.05m
0.76%
BCH
$354.99
Vol 265.14m
-1.8%
LTC
$83.86
Vol 349.67m
2.21%
DOGE
$0.18
Vol 1551.07m
4.38%
Getting your Trinity Audio player ready...

A new research paper authored by nChain Chief Scientist Dr. Craig Wright has demonstrated that Bitcoin’s dual stack push down automata (2-PDA) scripting language is capable of computing values computable in a system compatible with that of Godel’s logic system.

The paper, titled “Beyond Godel,” described a process in which the basic predicate systems used in Kurt Gödel’s logical constructions can be mapped directly into Bitcoin script operations, alongside primitive recursive functions. This, in turn, can be extended to explore the 2-PDA construction within Bitcoin.

A 2-PDA is a “two-way deterministic finite automation” which has already been proven to be as computationally effective as a 3-PDA, a fact that Wright has previously stated in his talks to highlight that 2-PDAs are Turing complete. 2-PDA, according to Wright, allows anyone to do everything that a Turing machine can achieve. It’s a known fact that 2-PDA is functionally equivalent to a Turing machine and can simulate a single or multi-tape Turing machine just as it can simulate a 2-PDA.

Turing completeness is used to describe a computer or software that can solve any problem that a Turing machine. To put it simply, a system that can execute any algorithm—like Bitcoin’s scripting language—is Turing complete.

In his new paper, the nChain chief scientist further explained that integrating basic predicate systems and primitive recursive functions across 2-PDA “allows us to create a system that is equivalent to a Turing machine,” which can handle all grammatical constructs that may be processed within a Turing machine.

“The richness and power of Bitcoin scripting language has been overlooked due to the complexity of the system,” Wright wrote. “In this paper we have demonstrated the true power of the system and how a complete implementation can create a script of a determined length and known maximum processing difficulty.”

Read Dr. Wright’s new paper, “Beyond Gödel,” here.

Recommended for you

Turkey unveils AI-powered terrorism classification tool
Turkey's CBS Organizational Prediction Project will automatically classify individuals with links to terrorist groups with minimal human interference.
April 25, 2025
Catch up with PeerGame: Web3 iGaming made simple
Margie Dobrowolski provides brief but detailed updates on PeerGame and its potential to transform the iGaming community in the world...
April 24, 2025
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement